Major depressive disorder and access to health services among people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada

Table 2 Multiple logistic regression model to determine the relationship between CES-D score and barriers to accessing health services among people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada (n = 1529)

	Unadjusted		Adjusted
Characteristic	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p - value	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p - value
CES-D total score^a
(≥ 16 vs. < 16)	1.63 (1.23–2.18)	0.001	1.40 (1.03–1.92)	0.035
Age
(per 10-year increase)	0.81 (0.70–0.93)	0.002	0.88 (0.76–1.02)	0.096
Gender
(male vs. female)	0.85 (0.66–1.10)	0.214	0.99 (0.74–1.31)	0.927
Caucasian ethnicity
(yes vs. no)	1.02 (0.80–1.31)	0.869
Calendar year
(per 1-year increase)	0.99 (0.94–1.03)	0.564
HIV serostatus
(positive vs. negative)	0.82 (0.64–1.06)	0.139
Homelessness^b
(yes vs. no)	1.31 (1.00–1.72)	0.049	1.11 (0.83–1.49)	0.467
Any injection drug use^b
(yes vs. no)	1.37 (1.03–1.84)	0.032	1.21 (0.89–1.65)	0.224
Daily heroin use^b
(yes vs. no)	1.13 (0.84–1.52)	0.419
Daily cocaine use^b
(yes vs. no)	0.87 (0.53–1.35)	0.543
Daily crystal methamphetamine use^b
(yes vs. no)	1.80 (1.05–3.01)	0.027
Daily prescription opioid use^b
(yes vs. no)	1.44 (0.87–2.32)	0.140
Incarceration^b
(yes vs. no)	1.72 (1.22–2.41)	0.002
Enrollment in opioid agonist therapy^b
(yes vs. no)	0.92 (0.72–1.18)	0.511
Hospitalized^b
(yes vs. no)	1.67 (1.22–2.27)	0.001
Sex work^b
(yes vs. no)	1.08 (0.74–1.54)	0.689
Stable employment^b
(yes vs. no)	0.81 (0.59–1.10)	0.190
History of childhood physical abuse
(yes vs. no)	1.47 (1.09–1.99)	0.012
History of childhood sexual abuse
(yes vs. no)	1.44 (1.12–1.86)	0.004	1.30 (0.99–1.70)	0.060
Victim of violence^b
(yes vs. no)	1.55 (1.16–2.07)	0.003	1.38 (1.01–1.86)	0.039

CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CI Confidence Interval
^aCES-D variable is lagged
^bActivities reported in the six months prior to interview

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