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Table 2 Statistical description of independent variables across MSAs & across all years for which outcome data was available

From: Predictors of historical change in drug treatment coverage among people who inject drugs in 90 large metropolitan areas in the USA, 1993–2007

Variable, Outcome years to which lagged variables were matched (where 1994, 1999, and 2001 are missing)Mean (SD)Median (Q25- Q75)MinimumMaximumData Source
Need
 AIDS diagnosis per 10,000 population, 1997–2007*8.88 (7.18)6.65 (4.09–1-.40)0.6855.59CDC AIDS Surveillance, 20101
 HIV prevalence rate among PWID, 1996–2006**8.09 (6.55)5.90 (3.70–10.0)1.9043.50Tempalski et al., 20092
Resource Availability: General resources
 Percent of population in poverty (1993–2007)***11.55 (3.47)10.98 (9.42–12.88)4.3429.20US Census Bureau, 19903
 Unemployment rate (1993–2007) ***5.35 (1.90)5.10 (4.20–6.10)1.8015.90US Census Bureau, 19903
 Median household income (1993–2007) ***46,505.35 (9040.40)44,359.76
(40,225.57–51,088.0)		29,554.9983,318.0US Census Bureau, 19903
 Long-term debt per capita, 1993–2007a3.65 (1.69)3.33 (2.38–4.59)0.6410.60Surveys of Govt Finances, 20074
Specialized resources
 Percent community & public health researchers & social workers in the workforce (1993–2007) ***0.75 (0.28)0.75 (0.62–0.90)−0.281.63Bureau of Health Professions Area Resource File, 20125
 Health expenditures per capita, 1993–2007a0.09 (0.07)0.07 (0.04–0.14)0.0020.60Surveys of Govt Finances, 20074
Institutional Opposition: Legal repressiveness/penalties
 Drug arrests rate for possession of heroin or cocaine per PWID (1994–2007) **14.10 (11.19)11.50 (6.18–18.82)0.0569.02FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting, 20106
 Correction expenditures per capita, 1993–2007a0.06 (0.03)0.05 (0.04–0.16)0.000.16Surveys of Govt Finances, 20074
Racial structures (1993–2007) ***
 Ratio of Black to White median household income0.71 (0.15)0.70 (0.62–0.76)0.241.32Center on Comparative Urban & Regional Research (CCURR), 20007
 Ratio of Black to White poverty3.37 (0.93)3.37 (2.78–3.86)0.637.15CCURR, 20007
 Ratio of Black to White unemployment2.60 (0.59)2.57 (2.21–2.94)0.855.19CCURR, 20007
Institutional Support: “Liberalism” of public policies
 Right-to-work-state, 1993aYes = 37%; No = 63% 01.0Right to Work Legal Defense, 20008
 Education expenditures per capita, 1993–2007a1.28 (0.31)1.23 (1.06–1.45)0.633.53Surveys of Govt Finances, 20074
Pressure from below
 Number of types of “early” groups per 10,000 population, 1993a0.003 (0.004)0.00 (0.00–0.005)0.000.02NAMM,1993; Brown & Beschner, 1993; NIDA, 20019
Service symbiosis
 Ever had syringe exchange program, since 1993aYes = 47%; No = 53% 01.0Beth Israel Medical Center; 200010
  1. * 5 year lag; ** 4 year lag; *** 3 year lag; a no lag associated with variable
  2. 1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Request data CDC AIDS Surveillance Data, 2010. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
  3. 2 HIV Prevalence Rates as estimates by Tempalski, B., Pouget, E.R., Cleland, C.M., et al. (2013). Trends in the population prevalence of people who inject drugs in US Metropolitan Areas 1992–2007. PLoS ONE, 8 (6) e64789
  4. 3 US Census Bureau (1990) Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division: Poverty Index. In: Bureau UC, editor. Washington, DC
  5. 4 US Census of Governments. County area finances file, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau; 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007
  6. 5 Health Area Resources and Services Administration, Health Professional Shortage Area Website: http://www.hrsa.gov/shortage/. 2012
  7. 6 U.S. Department of Justice. Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics. County-level detailed arrest and offense data. 1993–2010
  8. 7 University at Albany, Lewis Mumford Center for Comparative Urban and Regional Research. 1990 race and residential segregation statistics. Available at: http://mumfordl.dyndns.org/cen2000/data.html. Accessed December 15, 2006
  9. 8 National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation, http://www.nrtw.org/rtws.htm
  10. 9 Group types are: (1) chapters of National Association of Methadone Advocates by the end of 1993, or (2) presence of an “early outreach project,” defined as a participant in the NIDA-funded NADR or Cooperative Agreement projects
  11. 10 Beth Israel National Survey of Syringe Exchange Programs [database]. New York, NY: Beth Israel Medical Center; 1993–2007
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Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

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