Predictors of historical change in drug treatment coverage among people who inject drugs in 90 large metropolitan areas in the USA, 1993–2007

Barbara Tempalski; Leslie D. Williams; Brooke S. West; Hannah L. F. Cooper; Stephanie Beane; Umedjon Ibragimov; Samuel R. Friedman

doi:10.1186/s13011-019-0235-0

Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

Table 3 Standardized Predictors in Bivariate and Domain-Specific Analyses

From: Predictors of historical change in drug treatment coverage among people who inject drugs in 90 large metropolitan areas in the USA, 1993–2007

Domain	Variable	Step 2: Bivariate¹ Analyses - β (SE)	Step 3: Domain Analyses - β (SE)
Need	Intercept	− 0.288 (0.168)
	AIDS per 10 k population	− 0.056 (0.097)
	Change AIDS among PWID per capita	0.062 (0.067)
	Intercept	− 0.617 (0.153)	− 0.617 (0.153)
	HIV among PWID per capita	− 0.193 (0.128) ^†	− 0.193 (0.128) ^†
	Change HIV among PWID per capita	0.066 (0.058) ^†	0.066 (0.058) ^†
	HIV among PWID per capita * Time	0.051 (0.027) ^†	0.051 (0.027) ^†
	HIV among PWID per capita * Time²	− 0.001 (0.002) ^†	− 0.001 (0.002) ^†
Resource Availability: General Resources	Intercept	− 0.054 (0.092)	− 0.263 (0.211)
	Percent of population in poverty	− 0.185 (0.084) ^†	− 0.224 (0.122) ^†
	Change percent of population in poverty	0.355 (0.163) ^†	0.398 (0.172) ^†
	Change percent poverty * Time	− 0.068 (0.028) ^†	− 0.067 (0.029) ^†
	Change percent poverty * Time²	0.003 (0.001) ^†	0.003 (0.001) ^†
	Intercept	− 0.266 (0.124)
	Long-term debt per capita	− 0.168 (0.089)
	Change long-term debt per capita	0.015 (0.054)
	Intercept	− 0.179 (0.103)	− 0.263 (0.211)
	Unemployment rate	0.078 (0.087) ^†	0.221 (0.096) ^†
	Change unemployment rate	0.251 (0.068) ^†	0.217 (0.076) ^†
	Change unemployment rate * Time	− 0.093 (0.017) ^†	− 0.093 (0.019) ^†
	Change unemployment rate * Time²	0.005 (0.001) ^†	0.005 (0.001) ^†
	Intercept	− 0.545 (0.196)	− 0.263 (0.211)
	Median household income	0.217 (0.084) ^†	0.109 (0.108) ^†
	Change median household income	− 0.535 (0.192) ^†	− 0.141 (0.211) ^†
	Change household income * Time	0.070 (0.026) ^†	0.008 (0.030) ^†
	Change household income * Time²	− 0.003 (0.001) ^†	0.000 (0.001) ^†
Resource Availability: Specific Resources	Intercept	− 0.078 (0.086)	− 0.335 (0.117)
	Community/public health research & social work workforce	0.445 (0.073) ^†	0.462 (0.075) ^†
	Change in public health research & social work workforce	− 0.001 (0.051) ^†	0.001 (0.053) ^†
	Intercept	− 0.318 (0.122)	− 0.335 (0.117)
	Health expenditures per capita	0.229 (0.092) ^†	0.154 (0.080) ^†
	Change health expenditures per capita	− 0.042 (0.053) ^†	− 0.061 (0.051) ^†
Institutional Opposition: Legal Repressiveness	Intercept	− 0.073 (0.092)
	Drug arrests rate for possession of heroin or cocaine	0.141 (0.085)
	Change drug arrests rate for possession of heroin or cocaine	0.005 (0.026)
	Intercept	− 0.353 (0.120)
	Correction expenditures per capita	− 0.031 (0.092)
	Change correction expenditures per capita	− 0.088 (0.040)
Institutional Opposition: Racial Structure	Intercept	− 0.070 (0.094)
	Ratio of Black to White median household income	0.040 (0.088)
	Change Ratio of Black to White median household income	0.042 (0.050)
	Intercept	− 0.271 (0.106)	− 0.271 (0.106)
	Ratio of Black to White Poverty	− 0.103 (0.081) ^†	− 0.103 (0.081) ^†
	Change Ratio of Black to White Poverty	0.763 (0.202) ^†	0.763 (0.202) ^†
	Change Ratio of Black to White Poverty * Time	− 0.077 (0.032) ^†	− 0.077 (0.032) ^†
	Change Ratio of Black to White Poverty * Time²	0.002 (0.001) ^†	0.002 (0.001) ^†
	Intercept	− 0.067 (0.093)
	Ratio of Black to White unemployment	− 0.074 (0.087)
	Change Ratio of Black to White unemployment	0.100 (0.036)
Institutional Support: “Liberalism” of Public Policies	Intercept	− 0.078 (0.079)	− 0.291 (0.125)
	Right-to-work-state (in 1993)	− 0.459 (0.071) ^†	− 0.463 (0.082) ^†
	Intercept	− 0.276 (0.133)	− 0.291 (0.125)
	Education expenditures per capita	0.222 (0.088) ^†	0.034 (0.083)
	Change education expenditures per capita	0.002 (0.041) ^†	− 0.007 (0.041)
Institutional Support: Group Pressure	Intercept	− 0.078 (0.094)
	Number of “early” groups (in 1993) per 10 k population	− 0.036 (0.086)
	Intercept	− 0.078 (0.089)	− 0.078 (0.089)
Institutional Support: Service Symbiosis	Ever had syringe exchange program, by 1993	0.230 (0.082) ^†	0.230 (0.082) ^†

¹ Each “bivariate” model and each model in the domain analyses also includes coefficients for both Time and Time.² These coefficients are not listed due to space restrictions, and, like the coefficients for the Intercepts, do not contribute to the calculation of coefficient sums
† Covariates with this symbol contributed to a sum that met the criteria for inclusion into the next analytic step.

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